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In a prospective single‑centre study of a delayed flexion‑extension radiography pathway after blunt cervical trauma (303 referrals) and contemporaneous surgical cases (24 ED‑diagnosed unstable ligamentous injuries), delayed dynamic radiographs identified four unstable injuries among referrals but all four had abnormal initial imaging and/or neurological signs on retrospective review. No surgically relevant unstable cervical injury was found among the 299 patients who met the pathway’s low‑risk criteria, and among all 27 surgically treated patients during the period, 25 had abnormal initial imaging and/or neurological findings, leading the authors to conclude that delayed dynamic radiographs did not detect additional surgical instability in the intended low‑risk population.

In a single-center cohort of geriatric patients (≥65 years) undergoing trauma team activation and whole-body CT after falls (n=349), ground-level falls were common in older, more comorbid patients on antithrombotic therapy and were associated with more severe head/cervical‑spine injuries, while higher falls produced more thoracic and extremity injuries. Although ISS and GTOS did not differ by fall height, overall in-hospital mortality was 27.5% and was highest after ground-level falls (35.8%); multivariable analysis identified age, ISS, and head/cervical‑spine injury severity as mortality predictors and found increasing fall height was independently associated with lower adjusted mortality (aOR 0.59).

This contemporary review synthesizes evolving evidence on lumbar adjacent segment disease (ASD) after fusion, characterizing ASD as a multifactorial process driven by postoperative biomechanical changes and amplified by genetic and patient factors. It highlights key risk factors (including elevated BMI, preexisting adjacent degeneration, and inadequate sagittal alignment such as pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis mismatch), reviews emerging minimally invasive and robotic surgical techniques with mixed long-term evidence, and notes that advances in imaging and biologic therapies may alter understanding and prevention strategies.